Fra Angelico annunciation at the top of stairs

The Dominican Observant convent of San Marco was built starting 1436 and frescoed almost in its entirety by Fra Angelico from 1440-50 (approx.). It is a marvel of the effective use of painting in functional, religious spaces.

Arttrav offers a podcast of san marco to lead you through these spaces.

Opening hours: Monday-Friday: 8.15-13.50; Saturday: 8.15-18.50; every second Sunday: 8.15-19.00. Admission 4 euros. Located in Piazza san Marco.

(the Media player’s not working right now so here is the mp3 file to download piazza duomo podcast)

Piazza Duomo in Florence

Here is the text of the podcast or you can Download the pdf text here.

This podcast takes place in Piazza del Duomo in Florence. You’ll learn things I bet you didn’t know about this piazza, as we take a look at it from a contemporary viewpoint and add a civic twist to what is an essential religious space.

Florence of the late middle ages and the Renaissance was a profoundly religious city. It was also in an economic boom – especially in the late 13th century when most of these buildings were begun. Religion and business are BOTH what made this city move, and they are not at all mutually exclusive.

This aspect of the city is visible in piazza del Duomo – more rightly called piazza di santa maria del fiore – the city’s religious heart. Besides the main religious structures of the cathedral and baptistry, as well as the belltower that helps complete this “cathedral complex”, are the bigallo and the misericordia, buildings with a civic context, as well as rather more lay imagery and participation than the modern viewer normally expects in a space like this. We’ll work through this space together in order to point out the civic aspects in this religious space. This means we won’t have time to discuss the decoration of the duomo and baptistry in detail.

This podcast can be listened to from any point in piazza duomo, though you may want to wander closer to each space as I discuss it, and stop the file if you want to look at something more closely. Use the diagram of the piazza above to orient yourself.

First off we need to remember that although Florence is famed for its Renaissance art, most of the important buildings went up starting in the 1290’s, a time still considered the Middle Ages. The predominant style at that time was Gothic. Italian Gothic architecture, of which the cathedral is in some ways an example, tends to have pointed arches, multi coloured marble (often white, pink and green) and rather fussy detail. Renaissance architecture on the other hand is known for its roundedarches and seemingly simple arrangement of forms, which (and this is essential) derive from Antique Roman examples.

Florence Baptistery

The oldest building in this piazza is the Baptistery. Its function is to baptize Christians, which is something that could just as well be done in a baptismal font inside the main church. Here it has been separated out from the cathedral to emphasize its importance. One reason for this is because Saint John the Baptist, whose church this is, is also the city’s patron saint. Baptism indicated acceptance into Christian society, but also into Florentine society – through this ritual, the Florentines kept track of the city’s birth rate. Already you’re starting to see how the civic and the religious get mixed together in this space. To add to this, I want to note that the Church did not pay for the building and decoration of the baptistry, but rather it was funded by the silk guild, or association of silk workers.

As for the building itself, Legend has it that it was an ancient temple dedicated to Mars. While this is not true, in the Renaissance they believed it to be so. Why is this important? Because the baptistry was actually built in the 11th century, in a style that recalls some Roman buildings. This style, called Romanesque, is not real Roman. Renaissance artists like Brunelleschi, famous for the cathedral’s dome amongst other things, were profoundly influenced by the architectural style of this baptistry. Brunelleschi was consciously imitating Roman art, and since he thought the Baptistry was Roman, he copied parts of it too.

The Duomo (Cathedral)

The next big thing they built here was the Cathedral itself. In Italian cathedral is “Duomo”, and this means Domus Dei, or seat of God. This is where the Bishop presides, and there can only be ONE cathedral or Duomo in any given city. It is the most important church in the city; the Bishop also lived nearby, in the bishop’s palace, which is on the other side of the piazza, behind the Baptistry.

The Duomo was begun in the 1290’s. It is so huge – almost as wide as an American football field – that nobody really expected to see it finished in his or her lifetime. It took about 150 years to build from the first stone to the top of the dome. And the façade remained unfinished for centuries! Although it may look gothic, it is actually NEOgothic, and it was done in 1887. To start a project like this shows tremendous faith both in the city and in God. Although it is clearly a religious space, the cathedral also becomes the symbol of the city.

Giotto’s bell-tower

The belltower, called campanile in Italian, was designed by the artist Giotto, better known for his paintings, in 1334. Its bell calls people to prayer. The sculptural decoration on the sides of this structure had two parts: one of standing prophets, and then a series of relief sculptures in hexagons. Most of what you see outside now is copies, the originals are in the Museum of the Duomo works which is behind the cathedral. The hexagons are what interest us right now, because aside from a few genesis scenes, these show various crafts or disciplines represented by someone doing a task. These include the architecte and the builder, for example. The hexagons demonstrate how important crafts were to the city’s economy. The Florentines saw nothing odd about putting this imagery on a building in the religious center of the city.

Bigallo and Misericordia

Now on to a few buildings you may not have noticed, since we’re often distracted by the big, flashy ones. I want to note two confraternity structures in this piazza. Confraternities are voluntary associations of lay – that’s non-religious – men, whoget together to do good works. You’ll want to go to the corner across from the belltower. The loggia of the Bigallo is an open space with two bays attached to a building from the 1350’s. The Bigallo was a confraternity who administered a hospital outside of town. One of their roles was to take in orphans. The open space (or “loggia”) of this building was used to display the orphans in the hopes that they would be recognized and taken in by family members.

Just across the way, you probably see a number of ambulances parked there. No, they are not there to rescue you as you die from exposure listening to a podcast about piazza duomo. That’s the home of the Misericordia, the city’s ambulance company. The Misericordia is one of the oldest confraternities of the city, started in 1244. Members are the ambulance drivers, staff and doctors who volunteer their time in this act of charity. Sometimes they can be seen wearing a white robe with a hood. Usually they keep the hood hanging down their backs, but when up, they look a lot like KKK members, with pointed tops and cut out eyes. The purpose of these outfits, worn not only by the Misericordia but also by other confraternities, was to anonymize the members, whose good deeds, it was believed, should be known only to God.

As such, we have seen that this piazza is the religious heart of the city of Florence – where people come to pray and to be baptized. But we also have seen that within this area there are non-religious structures, like these confraternities, and that non-religious entities are represented both financially and through imagery. Hence the piazza becomes not only a religious symbol, but representative of the entire city.

*podcast player isn’t working: here’s the direct link to the file: http://www.arttrav.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/san_marco.mp3

This series of free podcasts about the Uffizi gallery in Florence was designed with young viewers in mind, but should be handy for adults too

This is the third part with a presentation of the next room you encounter in the museum after Giotto. This room contains important altarpieces from the International Gothic period (14-teens and 20s). We examine the bright colours and innovations of Gentile da Fabriano and Lorenzo Monaco. Their style seems very much in contrast with the Renaissance we’re about to see, and in some ways steps backwards from the Giotto we just met. But there are innovations in these works that are forerunners of the Renaissance – after all, they were made at just the same time that Masaccio was developing his groundbreaking representations of perspective and shadow!

You can read the text of this podcast by downloading the pdf file.

*due to media player problems you can click this link to hear the mp3 directly, or download it: uffizi kids podcast #3

Video lesson

International Gothic room at the Uffizi

This is the text of the podcast

Part 3: Gothic colours and animals

So we’re done with Giotto and we want to see what happened next in Florentine Art. Now you should be in a room called the “international gothic room”. There are two paintings here that dominate the room due to their size. One is very big and colourful and it’s on the same wall as the door that you just came through. The other is a slightly smaller altarpiece just to the right of the door, with a big gold frame. Are you in the right room?

These two paintings are examples of a style that was popular in florence in the first part of the 1400’s. This style is called “International Gothic”. It’s “international” because painters used this style in other countries too, not just in Italy. The other word, “Gothic”, is a word we use to describe a type of painting that tends to be very detailed and colourful. We’ll take a good look at these two large paintings together and you’ll see what I mean.

Lorenzo Monaco: Coronation of the Virgin

First let’s look at the HUGE painting that has a man putting a crown on a woman in the center, and three panels that stick up at the top.

This painting was done by a guy named Lorenzo Monaco. In English, that’s Lawrence the Monk. I don’t know about you, but I usually think of monks who wear dark robes and are kinda quiet. Well this painting is certainly not quiet!! If paintings could make noise through their colours, this painting would be a huge party! The most dominant colour here is probably gold. Now I want you to pause and try to make a list of all the colours you see.

Did you make a list? Check it twice? OK let’s see if you got the colours I did. I see white, four types of grey, blue, two pinks, bright green, yellow and brown. Maybe you see even more colours than I do. Why do you think the artist made this work so colourful? I want you to think about that for yourself.

Gentile da Fabriano: Adoration of the magi

Now let’s look at the other work, which also has a gold frame in three parts. It’s on the wall to the left of the one you were just looking at.

The artist who painted this one is called Gentile da Fabriano. His name is interesting because Gentile in italian means “nice”. I think he must have been a nice guy. His last name is not a real last name like you and I have, but the name of the city that he comes from – Fabriano. In the old days, most people did not have a first AND last name like John Smith, or if they did, they didn’t bother to use it. So often people would be their first name, and then either their city of birth (especially if they moved somewhere else), or their occupation. My name would be “Alexandra from Toronto”. What would your Renaissance name be?

Now what I like best about Gentile’s nice painting here are the fun details that he puts into it. You can tell that he is really observing nature and trying to put it into the painting. The picture represents the newborn Jesus held by his mother on the left side. There are three men, who are three kings, who come to visit. All the other people are the whole group of people who travel with these kings. Look how many people there are! They wind all the way to the back of the painting in a long curvy line! Can you see their faces? Each person is unique – just like you and I. Can you see emotion in their expressions? Are they surprised, or happy, or excited, or talking, or working? Look at all their colourful, patterned outfits, and the funny hats!

Amongst these details there are a lot of animals. Maybe you have already noticed some. You can’t miss the horses, which the kings probably rode to get there. There are two horses at the front right of the painting, and one has his bum to us. I think this was meant to be funny. What other animals do you see besides the horses? Is that a dog at the front? Doesn’t look much like a dog to me but I guess that is what it’s supposed to be. I challenge you to find at least 3 birds and one monkey, and 2 farm animals. If you find any more, tell your parent that you win a gelato.

Now we’ve seen that these two paintings from the “International Gothic” style have two main characteristics: bright colour, and lots of detail. I asked you to think about why this is. I’ll give you ONE interpretation, but maybe you came up with another answer that is just as true as mine. Like the work by giotto in the last room, these two paintings were also made for churches. 600 years ago, they did not have electric lights. In churches, people lit candles, often in front of these paintings. So one reason for all the bright colours is that people could see them better in a dark church. The gold background also helps reflect this candlelight. As for the detail, one explanation is that it brings pleasure. Just like we enjoy looking at all the animals and fun stuff in a painting, I bet that viewers enjoyed doing that back when these paintings were made.

Start with the Introduction to the Uffizi. This is the Second Part – the Giotto Room, which is a presentation of the first room you enter off the hallway. This room features a large enthroned Madonna by Giotto in the center, and similar shaped works by Duccio and Cimabue. The podcast compares these works which might at first look similar to you. What we have here is actually the Tuscan Proto-Renaissance, and the small distinctions between the works show a move towards a more naturalistic style.

*due to media player problems you can click this link to hear the mp3 directly, or download it: uffizi kids podcast #2

* due to podcast player problems click here to download or listen to the uffizi kids #1 podcast

The second part is about the Giotto painting in room #2: click here

The third part is about the International Gothic room right next door: click here

This piazza is the political heart of Florence, and also an important location for public sculpture. With this podcast you’ll learn what the piazza looked like around 1290 and how it evolved right through the sixteenth century and beyond.

* due to podcast player problems, please click here to download or listen to the piazza signoria florence podcast.